Validación del inventario de capacidades emocionales en adolescentes (ICEA)

RESUMEN Fundamento dada las características de la adolescencia donde ocurren importantes cambios, no solo a nivel fisiológico sino también psicológico, las capacidades emocionales adquieren gran relevancia. Estas permiten un mayor ajuste psicológico y bienestar, mayor calidad en las relaciones interpersonales, mejor rendimiento escolar y menos conductas disruptivas, depresión y ansiedad. Objetivo: construir y validar el Inventario de Capacidades Emocionales en Adolescentes. Métodos la investigación se realizó en dos etapas; en la primera participaron 419 adolescentes y nueve expertos que valoraron la validez de contenido y constructo del instrumento. En la segunda etapa con una muestra de 291 adolescentes se realizó la validación de criterio concurrente del inventario con las medidas de Bienestar Psicológico (BIEPS-J), con el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado (IDARE-N) y el Inventario de Depresión Rasgo-Estado (IDERE-N). Resultados: a partir del juicio de expertos y el análisis factorial se obtuvo un instrumento de 43 incisos con una estructura multidimensional de cinco factores, las cuales se corresponden con las capacidades emocionales descritas en el modelo de Goleman: autoconocimiento, autocontrol, automotivación, empatía y manejo de relaciones. Se obtienen correlaciones positivas y moderadas con la escala BIEPS-J; negativas y moderadas con el IDARE-N, negativas y moderadas con la depresión como rasgo y negativas y débiles con la depresión como estado. La consistencia interna es elevada (Alfa de Cronbach = .86) Conclusiones se logra la construcción de una medida de evaluación de capacidades emocionales en adolescentes que posee validez de contenido, de constructo y de criterio, así como una alta confiabilidad y consistencia interna.

ABSTRACT Background: given the characteristics of adolescence where important changes occur not only at a physiological level but also at a psychological level, emotional capacities acquire great relevance. These allow for greater psychological adjustment and well-being, higher quality in interpersonal relationships, better school performance and fewer disruptive behaviors, depression and anxiety. Objective: Build and validate the Inventory of Emotional Capacities in Adolescents. Methods: The investigation was carried out in two stages; 419 adolescents and 9 experts participated in the first, who assessed the content and construct validity of the instrument. In the second stage, with a sample of 291 adolescents, the concurrent criterion validation of the ICEA was carried out with the measures of Psychological Well-being (BIEPS-J), with the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory (IDARE-N) and the Trait Depression Inventory -State (IDERE-N). Results: From the judgment of experts and the factor analysis, an instrument of 43 items is obtained with a multidimensional structure of 5 factors, which correspond to the emotional capacities described in the Goleman model: self-knowledge, self-control, self-motivation, empathy and relationship management. Positive and moderate correlations are obtained with the BIEPS-J scale; negative and moderate with the IDARE-N, negative and moderate with depression as a trait and negative and weak with depression as a state. Internal consistency is high (Cronbach's Alpha = .86) Conclusions: The construction of a measure of evaluation of emotional capacities in adolescents is achieved that has content, construct and criterion validity, as well as high reliability and internal consistency.

Socioeconomic position and the health gradient in Cuba: dimensions and mechanisms.

BACKGROUND: To throw light on the under-researched association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health in Cuba, this study examined SEP gradients in health and their underlying mechanisms among urban Cuban adults aged 18-65. METHODS: By applying linear regressions to data from the 2010 National Survey on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases, the analysis explored the SEP-health gradient along three SEP dimensions - education, occupation, and skin colour - using ten health measures: self-reported health (SRH), general and abdominal obesity, hypertension, high glucose, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, and cumulative risk factors. Regressions also included behaviours and health-related risk perceptions (tobacco and alcohol consumption, diet, physical activity, and risk-related behaviours). It thus investigated the SEP-health gradient and its underlying mechanisms via both behaviours and health-related risk perceptions. RESULTS: Once controlling for gender, age, marital status, region and provincial dummies, the analysis detected educational gradients in SRH (estimated coefficient [95% CI]: middle-level education = 3.535 [1.329, 5.741], p < 0.01; high-level education = 5.249 [3.050, 7.448], p < 0.01) that are partially explainable by both health-affecting behaviours (tobacco and alcohol consumption, diet, physical and sedentary activity) and risk perceptions. Using objective measures of health, however, it found no SEP-health gradients other than hypertension among people identified as having Black skin color (adjusted for demographic variables, 0.060 [0.018, 0.101], p < 0.01) and high cholesterol among those identified as having Mulatto or Mestizo skin color (adjusted for demographic variables, - 0.066 [- 0.098, - 0.033], p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In terms of objective health measures, the study provides minimal evidence for an SEP-health gradient in Cuba, results primarily attributable to the country's universal healthcare system - which offers full coverage and access and affordable medications - and its highly developed education system.

The rise in obesity in Cuba from 2001 to 2010: An analysis of National Survey on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases data.

Using two waves of the National Survey on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases in Cuba, we identify demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with obesity among urban adults aged 18+ and decompose the change in obesity within this 9-year period using both the mean-based Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and a nonlinear approach. Our results reveal significant increases in overweight and obesity (2.3, 3.1, and 7.6 percentage points for BMI-based overweight, BMI-based obesity, and abdominal obesity, respectively). Depending on the decompositional approach and obesity measure, our analysis explains between 13% and 51% of the rise in overweight and obesity, with most part attributable to changes in risky behavior, age, and education. Of particular importance are the large decline in smoking and the population's changing age structure.

[Estimate methods used with complex sampling designs: their application in the Cuban 2001 health survey]. / Estimaciones usadas en diseños muestrales complejos: aplicaciones en la encuesta de salud cubana del año 2001.

OBJECTIVES: To look at the individual features of three different methods used to estimate simple parameters--means, totals, and percentages, as well as their standard errors--and of logistic regression models, and to describe how such methods can be used for analyzing data obtained from complex samples. METHODS: Data from Cuba's Second National Survey of Risk Factors and Non-Communicable Chronic Ailments [Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo y Afecciones Crónicas No Transmisibles], which was conducted in 2001, were studied. A complex, stratified multi-stage cluster sampling design was used. Cuba's 14 provinces and the municipality of Isla de la Juventud served as the strata, while the clusters consisted of sampled geographic areas (SGA), blocks, and sectors. Samples were weighted in inverse proportion to their probability of being selected, and estimates were performed by sex and age group (15-34, 35-54, 55-74, and 75 or more years). Taylor approximations were used to estimate variances. Three statistical methods were compared: conventional analysis, which assumes all data were obtained through simple random sampling; weighted analysis, which only takes into account the weight of the samples when performing estimates; and adjusted analysis, which looks at all aspects of the sampling design (namely, the disparity in the probability of being included in the sample and the effect of clustering on the data). RESULTS: The point estimates obtained with the three different types of analytic methods were similar. Standard error (SE) estimates for the prevalence of overweight and of arterial hypertension that were obtained by conventional analysis were underestimated by 19.3% and by more than 11.5%, respectively, when such estimates were compared to those obtained with the other two analytic methods. On the other hand, weighted analysis generated SE values that were much smaller than those obtained with the other two types of analyses. The same pattern was noted when odds ratios were calculated using the different methods. CONCLUSIONS: Analytic methods that take into account the way the data are structured as well as the study design give a more realistic picture of the problem under study and provide more exact estimates of the study parameters and their SE than conventional analytic methods. Because data from epidemiologic and public health research are often obtained through complex sampling designs, the methods described in this paper and the statistical packages that utilize them should be used more widely.

Estimaciones usadas en diseños muestrales complejos: aplicaciones en la encuesta de salud cubana del año 2001 / Estimate methods used with complex sampling designs: their application in the Cuban 2001 health survey

OBJETIVOS: En el presente trabajo se discuten las particularidades de tres métodos de estimación de parámetros simples -medias, totales y porcentajes, y sus respectivos errores estándar-, así como de los modelos de regresión logística, en el análisis de los datos de muestras complejas. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron los datos de la Segunda Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo y Afecciones Crónicas No Transmisibles, realizada en Cuba en el año 2001. Se usó un diseño muestral complejo estratificado y por conglomerados polietápicos. Los estratos estuvieron conformados por las 14 provincias de Cuba y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud, mientras que los conglomerados fueron las áreas geográficas muestrales (AGEM), manzanas y secciones. Las muestras se ponderaron en proporción inversa a las probabilidades de selección y para la estimación se realizó una estratificación por sexo y grupo de edad (15-34, 35-54, 55-74 y 75 años o más). Las varianzas se estimaron mediante las aproximaciones de Taylor. Se compararon tres métodos estadísticos: el análisis convencional, que da por sentado que los datos provienen de un muestreo simple aleatorio; el análisis ponderado, que solo toma en consideración los pesos muestrales para obtener las estimaciones; y el análisis con ajustes, que toma en cuenta la desigualdad en las probabilidades de selección y el efecto de la conglomeración en los datos. RESULTADOS: Las estimaciones puntuales obtenidas mediante las tres estrategias de análisis fueron similares. Los errores estándar estimados para la prevalencia de sobrepeso obtenidos por el análisis convencional se subestimaron en 19,3 por ciento y para la prevalencia de hipertensión en más de 11,5 por ciento en relación con los otros métodos. El análisis ponderado generó valores de los errores estándar mucho menores que los calculados por otros métodos. Resultados similares se encontraron al estimar los valores de la razón de posibilidades. CONCLUSIONES: Los métodos de análisis que toman en cuenta la estructura de los datos y las características del diseño ofrecen una visión más realista del problema estudiado. Con ellos se obtienen estimaciones más precisas de los parámetros y de sus errores estándar. La frecuencia con que se encuentran datos procedentes de diseños muestrales complejos en estudios epidemiológicos y de salud pública exige una mayor utilización de estos métodos y de los paquetes estadísticos que los contemplan.